致密砂岩多期裂缝形成机制及定量表征研究进展     

孙志勇  陈开远  冯建伟  隋淑玲 《地质力学学报》2017,23(2):272-279

致密砂岩油气是重要的非常规资源,裂缝作为主要渗流通道,其本身分布规律的复杂性以及多期发育和多期充填的特征,直接影响着裂缝预测的精度,目前尚缺乏一套全面解决构造裂缝定量预测的系统方法。因此,需要深入探讨多期裂缝的识别、充填过程和形成—叠加演化机制,建立合理的裂缝表征模型,以定量预测裂缝参数分布范围。在大量文献调研的基础上,本文认为致密储层裂缝研究主要涉及三个关键方向:通过野外露头和岩心观察,分析裂缝发育特征,结合构造演化和流体包裹体分析,确定裂缝发育期次;通过热液充填模拟实验和岩石力学实验,揭示裂缝充填机制,及其在多期应力作用下裂缝的萌生、扩展和叠加过程;采用实验统计方法,基于能量守恒定理和最大应变能密度理论,建立考虑裂缝差异充填的各向异性强度破裂准则,建立裂缝参数的定量表征模型。最终,本文形成和完善了致密砂岩多期裂缝演化及量化表征的理论体系,为此类油气田的勘探开发提供重要科学依据。  相似文献   

铀矿沉积学研究与发展     

吴柏林  孙斌  程相虎  张婉莹  刘明义  郝欣  刘池洋 《沉积学报》2017,35(5):1044-1053

随着铀矿床尤其是砂岩型铀矿勘探和开发的迅速发展,砂岩型铀矿沉积学的概念应运而生。铀矿沉积学是研究沉积盆地形成演化过程中铀的成矿作用、形成环境、含铀岩（层）系特征,以及沉积作用控制下铀的富集机理和分布规律的学科。它综合了铀矿地质学、盆地分析等学科的内容,具有较明显的学科交叉特点。砂岩型铀矿沉积学是铀矿沉积学最典型的代表,它以盆地分析、砂岩型铀矿地质学为重要理论平台,结合沉积学技术方法,具体研究砂岩型铀矿形成的物质来源、成岩作用与铀的预富集、沉积物的结构构造与渗透性、沉积体系与含铀岩系分析、流体作用与后期改造、层序地层与铀的空间分布、铀富集因素与沉积和古气候环境,沉积作用因素与砂岩型铀矿预测,以及管理信息化的三维可视化建模等。以新疆伊犁盆地、吐哈盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地北部等地区代表性砂岩铀矿为实例,从铀矿聚集与沉积物形成—演化过程、沉积物特征及沉积体系分析与铀矿聚集、层序地层学与铀聚集作用等方面分析了铀矿沉积学研究的最新进展和认识。同时对铀矿沉积学的发展趋势进行了展望:认为砂岩铀矿“大规模成矿作用”和铀的“超常富集”关键地质环境、含铀岩系沉积与铀的空间分布、多种高新分析测试技术的应用等方面将是铀矿沉积学未来研究和发展的重点。由于铀矿沉积学与人类生存环境关系的重要性,并且其涉及沉积学学科的方方面面,因此有理由相信,铀矿沉积学未来可能作为沉积学的一个独立分支学科将得到更好的研究和发展。  相似文献   

北海盆地维京地堑渐新统砂岩侵入体形态特征及成因     

罗铃钞  纪友亮  段小兵  刘龙松 《沉积学报》2017,35(6):1186-1196

砂岩侵入体是由处于浅埋藏阶段、尚未固结的砂质沉积物发生液化并侵入到上覆盖层所形成的一类软沉积物变形,在北海盆地维京地堑渐新统地层中非常发育。为探讨砂岩侵入体的形态特征及诱发机制,通过高分辨率三维地震及测井资料,利用地震反射结构分析、地震相干切片等手段对砂岩侵入现象进行了识别;并结合多边形断层系统、流体充注与砂岩侵入之间的关联性,对砂岩侵入体的成因机制进行了分析。结果表明:在地震剖面上可识别的砂岩侵入体多呈V型或W型强振幅反射特征,其横向展布规模约1~2 km,垂向侵入高度约100~200 m;流体的大规模充注及多边形断层诱发盖层破裂是形成砂体内部超压并诱发其发生液化的关键因素。砂岩侵入体在形成之后可以作为流体运移通道,对强化流体的垂向运移具有重要意义;并且砂岩侵入体本身即可作为油气的有利储集体。因此识别并分析砂岩侵入体的成因机理,对盖层封闭性评价及油气勘探具有重要指导意义。  相似文献   

Prediction of diagenetic facies using well logs – A case study from the upper Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin,China     

《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2017

Understanding diagenetic heterogeneity in tight sandstone reservoirs is vital for hydrocarbon exploration. As a typical tight sandstone reservoir, the seventh unit of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin (Chang 7 unit), central China, is an important oil-producing interval. Results of helium porosity and permeability and petrographic assessment from thin sections, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence analysis demonstrate that the sandstones have encountered various diagenetic processes encompassing mechanical and chemical compaction, cementation by carbonate, quartz, clay minerals, and dissolution of feldspar and lithic fragments. The sandstones comprise silt-to medium-grained lithic arkoses to feldspathic litharenites and litharenites, which have low porosity (0.5%–13.6%, with an average of 6.8%) and low permeability (0.009 × 10⁻³ μm² to 1.818 × 10⁻³ μm², with an average of 0.106 × 10⁻³ μm²).This study suggests that diagenetic facies identified from petrographic observations can be up-scaled by correlation with wire-line log responses, which can facilitate prediction of reservoir quality at a field-scale. Four diagenetic facies are determined based on petrographic features including intensity of compaction, cement types and amounts, and degree of dissolution. Unstable and labile components of sandstones can be identified by low bulk density and low gamma ray log values, and those sandstones show the highest reservoir quality. Tightly compacted sandstones/siltstones, which tend to have high gamma ray readings and relatively high bulk density values, show the poorest reservoir quality. A model based on principal component analysis (PCA) is built and show better prediction of diagenetic facies than biplots of well logs. The model is validated by blind testing log-predicted diagenetic facies against petrographic features from core samples of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin, which indicates it is a helpful predictive model.  相似文献   

Influence of natural fractures on gas accumulation in the Upper Triassic tight gas sandstones in the northwestern Sichuan Basin,China     

《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2017

The Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in the northwestern Sichuan Basin, China, is a typical tight gas sandstone reservoir that contains natural fractures and has an average porosity of 1.10% and air permeability less than 0.1 md because of compaction and cementation. According to outcrops, cores and image logs, three types of natural fractures, namely, tectonic, diagenetic and overpressure-related fractures, have developed in the tight gas sandstones. The tectonic fractures include small faults, intraformational shear fractures and horizontal shear fractures, whereas the diagenetic fractures mainly include bed-parallel fractures. According to thin sections, the microfractures also include tectonic, diagenetic and overpressure-related microfractures. The diagenetic microfractures consist of transgranular, intragranular and grain-boundary fractures. Among these fractures, intraformational shear fractures, horizontal shear fractures and small faults are predominant and significant for fluid movement. Based on the Monte Carlo method, these intraformational shear fractures and horizontal shear fractures improve the reservoir porosity and permeability, thus serving as an important storage space and primary fluid-flow channels in the tight sandstones. The small faults may provide seepage channels in adjacent layers by cutting through layers. In addition, these intragranular and grain-boundary fractures increase the connectivity of the tight gas sandstones by linking tiny pores. The tectonic microfractures improve the seepage capability of the tight gas sandstones to some extent. Low-dip angle fractures are more abundant in the T₃X³ member than in the T₃X² and T₃X⁴ members. The fracture intensities of the sandstones in the T₃X³ member are greater than those in the T₃X² and T₃X⁴ members. The fracture intensities do not always decrease with increasing bed thickness for the tight sandstones. When the bed thickness of the tight sandstones is less than 1.0 m, the fracture intensities increase with increasing bed thickness in the T₃X³ member. Fluid inclusion evidence and burial history analysis indicate that the tectonic fractures developed over three periods. The first period was at the end of the Triassic to the Early Jurassic. The tectonic fractures developed during oil generation but before the matrix's porosity and permeability reduced, which suggests that these tectonic fractures could provide seepage channels for oil migration and accumulation. The second period was at the end of the Cretaceous after the matrix's porosity and permeability reduced but during peak gas generation, which indicates that gas mainly migrated and accumulated in the tectonic fractures. The third period was at the end of the Eogene to the Early Neogene. The tectonic fractures could provide seepage channels for secondary gas migration and accumulation from the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation into the overlying Jurassic Formation.  相似文献   

Applying octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane as a probe liquid for characterizing the pore size distribution of oil-bearing tight sandstones by nuclear magnetic resonance cryoporometry     

《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2017

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世界砂岩型铀矿探明资源的分布及特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王飞飞  刘池洋  邱欣卫  郭佩  张少华  程相虎 《地质学报》2017,91(9):2021-2046

最新核电发展规划显示未来我国对铀资源的需求很大。长久来看在继续加大国内勘探力度的同时,需尽快了解国外已探明铀资源尤其是砂岩型铀资源的分布,以更好地从全球视角完善我国的铀资源供应链。我国北方砂岩型铀矿大规模勘探始于本世纪初,起点较晚,在实际勘探和研究中也遇到较多难题及困惑。因此与全球同类型矿床的对比研究亟需展开,亦要求首先了解世界各国砂岩型铀矿的分布和基本特征。本文通过大量文献和最新勘探形势的调研整理,对比分析了近年来全球主要产铀国砂岩型铀矿资源量的变化,系统全面地编制了全新的全球和各国(或各大洲)已发现砂岩型铀矿床及其容矿层位分布图,总体可较精细地反映迄今全球各国已探明砂岩型铀矿分布面貌的现状,同时提炼了重点矿床的主要地质特征。最后总结出全球已发现砂岩型铀矿时空分布具有五大特征:(1)全球分布广泛但不均衡,跨欧亚存在东西向巨型铀矿带;(2)规模因地而异、(超)大型矿床较多;(3)平面分布与气候环境耦合明显;(4)容矿层时代跨度长、成矿时间相对较晚;(5)主要赋存于含油气或聚煤能源盆地中。本文提供了一份可以快速了解和全面把握全球砂岩型铀资源分布及其重要地质特征的材料,为科研人员提供可对比研究的国外矿床实例,同时也为我国企业"走出去"和"走向哪里"提供科学依据。  相似文献   

中国不同气候带盐风化作用的地貌特征   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

吕洪波  苏德辰  章雨旭  冯雪东  李春旺 《地质论评》2017,63(4):911-926

盐风化作用是地球表面普遍存在的一种物理风化作用,由于盐类的周期性结晶作用而造成地表岩石和建筑材料的破坏,形成诸如风化穴或蜂窝石构造等地貌景观。盐风化作用也是差异风化的主要表现形式之一。然而,到目前为止盐风化作用在中国地学界仍然被严重忽视,以至于盐风化作用造成的地貌景观常常被地学研究者和科普人士误读为海浪冲蚀、流水侵蚀、风蚀作用等。经过近十年的野外观察与探讨,笔者等对盐风化的形成机理和表现形式有了深入的理解。本文以中国境内东部海岸带、华北半干旱区、西北干旱区和东南湿热气候带基岩露头为例,系统地分析了盐风化作用的机理及其在不同气候带的表现形式。盐风化的必要条件是:适当的可溶性盐类(如Na_2SO_4、NaCl等)供应、周期性的干湿交替和温度变化。盐风化作用主要在发育可渗性孔隙的砂砾岩类和富含微裂隙的花岗岩类之露头表面表现明显,可以形成特征显著的盐风化穴。盐风化作用形成的地貌景观在东部海岸带和西北干旱区表现尤为明显,常常形成蜂窝石构造和大型风化穴,与风蚀作用的痕迹明显有别;而在华北半干旱区和南方湿热气候带虽然受到降雨等其他因素的影响而常常遭受改造、叠加甚或清除,但在某些露头区仍然保留有重要的识别标志,形成大型风化穴以及小型蜂窝石构造。笔者等强调:地表各种地貌景观形成过程中都有盐风化作用的贡献,而建筑物和景观保护也必须考虑到盐风化作用的影响。建议地学同仁重视盐风化作用的普遍性和重要性,在相关教材中补充更新盐风化的概念,并以科普的方式通过多种媒体纠正过去的错误认识。  相似文献   

高频电磁法在鄂尔多斯盆地伊盟隆起区砂岩型铀矿勘探中的应用     

米晓利 《地质与勘探》2017,53(3):541-546

砂岩型铀矿已经成为中国非常重要的铀矿类型,不少资料表明,在含油气盆地中,砂岩型铀矿与油气藏的关系密切,大型沉积盆地不但是油气田勘探的重要靶区,也是寻找砂岩型铀矿的重要方向。在地球物理勘探中,每种地球物理方法都有其应用条件和优缺点,寻找一种快速经济有效的适合铀矿勘查手段显得非常重要。高频电磁法是一种野外数据采集设备轻便、观测时间短、可快速密点连续测量的方法。本文针对砂岩型铀矿的特点,在应用该项技术进行铀矿勘查方面进行了一系列研究,自行开发了针对性的二维反演软件,有效提高了测量分辨率和地质解释的精度。本文介绍了高频电磁法在寻找砂岩型铀矿勘探方面的应用实例与效果,提出了以后开展类似工作的建议。  相似文献   

Diagenesis and hydrocarbon emplacement in the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation tight sandstones in the southern Ordos Basin,China     

H. Chen  C. Chen  W. Yin  Q. Zhang  R. Shi 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2017,64(7):957-980

The Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the southern Ordos Basin is a tight sandstone but productive hydrocarbon exploration target. A variety of analyses, including thin-sections, cathodoluminescence (CL), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), fluorescence, isotope and fluid inclusion, have been used to analyse the reservoir petrology and diagenesis to understand the evolution of reservoir porosity. The sandstones are mostly feldspathic litharenites and lithic arkoses with low porosities (7.6% on average) and extremely low permeabilities (0.49 mD on average). A complex diagenetic alteration history of the reservoir caused different kinds of reduction in reservoir porosity. The carbonate cements are sourced from adjacent organic-rich mudstone and precipitated with a higher content near the edges of sandstone units and a lower content at the centres of sandstone units, resulting in two different diagenetic evolution paths. The analysis of porosity evolution history and hydrocarbon emplacement produced the following conclusions: (1) during the eodiagenesis period, mechanical compaction reduced the primary porosity dramatically from 40 to 19%; and (2) during the mesodiagenesis period, the first-phase oil charged the reservoir (porosity ranging from 14 to 19%) as bitumen along detrital grains forming a preferential pathway for subsequent oil emplacements. In the second-phase of oil charge, the reservoir porosity ranged from 9 to 14% limiting water–rock reactions. During the third-phase of oil charge, porosity of the reservoir remained at 9%. In general, the densification period (with a porosity close to 10%) of the reservoir occurs at the same time as the major oil emplacement and may be an explanation for the low oil saturation of the Chang 8 tight sandstone.  相似文献